Actually normally they can.
Normally if you use such function, an email is being send to all the moderators and the FROM adress is your email adress, so they can reply to you.
However, the report to moderator function now creates a topic instead of sending out an email, so the staff can reply to this topic and the rest can see what action was taken for this post.
The entire issue therefor is not an issue anymore.
As SiamJai does point out, Admins can still see the emailadresses regarding if you hidden it or not. Mods cannot. Not sure if we allowed smods to see them, but I can't remember ever changed this settings, so most likelly not either.
Then again, if a staff member (doesn't matter what rank) would abuse this, they would get kicked out of the staff immediatelly, and possibly even banned from the site.